More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal NANOPARTICLES have a great absorption and transmission power in plants. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc OXIDE and IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato plants of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc OXIDE NANOPARTICLES in 25 and 50 nm sizes, IRON OXIDE in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. NANOPARTICLES and salinity treatments were both applied to the plants. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, IRON and zinc. The application of NANOPARTICLES had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two NANOPARTICLES alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

The SUPER PARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (SPIONs) can bind drugs and act as drug-carriers. The magnetically active SPIONs can be used to deliver the drugs to the target through magnetic fields. The objective of the present work has been undertaken to study the stability, and binding behaviour of procaine with SPIONs and surfactant-coated SPIONs. Procaine is among the ester drugs and hydrolyses in the alkaline medium. The influence of SPIONs and surfactant-coated SPIONs on the rate of hydrolysis of procaine in alkaline medium may help to define the behaviour of the drug in the presence of these NANOPARTICLES. The kinetic studies of procaine hydrolysis in the presence of SPIONs and surfactant-coated SPIONs were carried out spectrophotometrically. The concentrations of OH− ions were taken in excess over [procaine] to keep the reaction conditions under pseudo-first-order. The presence of SPIONs and the SPIONs coated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; CTABr and sodium dodecylsulphate; SDS surfactants displayed an inhibitive effect on the rate of hydrolysis of procaine. The synthesised NANOPARTICLES were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The kψ-[surfactant] profile in the presence of SPIONs was discussed using the pseudophase model in which the reactants are considered to be distributed in the aqueous and micellar media. The rate constant for the procaine hydrolysis and the binding constants of procaine with coated and non-coated SPIONs have been calculated by analysing the data for the variation in the rate constant with the change in [surfactant], [SPIONs] and [surfactant-coated SPIONs].

Background and Aims: Nowadays, nanoscience and the use of NANOPARTICLES have become very important in all fields of medicine and biology. Thus, researchers have been studying a variety of synthesis methods and to improve diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the most appropriate method have been used. The selection of the best NANOPARTICLES and the most practical method for their synthesis is significant. The purpose of the present article was to review the types of NANOPARTICLES, to select the most suitable NANOPARTICLES according to their application, and finally to choose the most appropriate method for the synthesis of magnetic NANOPARTICLES. Materials and Methods: A review study was conducted on several selected articles based on our searches in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus databases from among papers published in English between 2020-2001. Using the keywords “, NANOPARTICLES, Magnetic NANOPARTICLES, Synthesis, Magnetic Resonance Imaging", the total number of articles obtained was more than 3000. First, most of the review articles were deleted and, finally, the abstracts and data of 121 English articles, which were more relevant to the keywords, were selected and reviewed. Conclusion: Among different synthesis strategies, in keeping with unique research, the thermal decomposition approach is taken into consideration in medicine, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, because of its low dispersion product and manipulation over the scale and form of magnetic NANOPARTICLES.

Conjugation of monoclonal antibodies to SUPER PARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES is an effective method for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In this study the humanized anti her2/neu monoclonal antibody- Herceptin- was conjugated to SUPER PARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE (SPIO) NANOPARTICLES using EDC method. The concentration of the conjugated antibodies was measured by Bradford assay. The antibody-nanoparticle conjugates were incubated with SKBR-3 and T47D human breast carcinoma cell lines and the presence of the conjugates on cell surface was confirmed by Prussian blue IRON staining method. Conjugation of Herceptin to SPIO resulted in a precipitate-free conjugate containing 20mg antibody/mg SPIO. Prussian blue IRON-staining of cells showed successful binding of the conjugates to the cell surfaces. Conjugation of monoclonal antibodies to SPIO may be a useful method for detection of tumor cells, especially by MRI techniques.

The aim of this research is to prepare SUPERPARAMAGNETIC polyurethane microspheres using SPIONs. Theophylline was used as a drug and the various stoichiometric ratios of isocyanate/polyol were studied to assess their application as a targeting delivery system. Magnetic polyurethane microspheres containing SUPER PARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLES loaded with theophylline were prepared by the water in oil in water emulsion technique. The ratio of hexamethylenediisocyanate and polyol (e-polycaprolactone and starch) was modified and the release of theophylline was determined for a period of 20 days. These microspheres were characterized by TEM, SEM, FTIR and magnetometry. The microscopy images show the morphological shape of the SUPERPARAMAGNETIC microspheres with an average size of 5 mm. The FTIR and the magnetometry confirmed the presence of SUPERPARAMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES in the microspheres. The release of theophylline was studied and dosed by UV spectrophotometer. With the use of PCL with a low molecular weight or in the presence of starch in the structure of polyurethane, the burst effect of drug is decreased. Finally, a SEM study showed an important degradation of the microspheres after the release process. The use of starch as a polyol caused significant improvement in burst effect of the SUPERPARAMAGNETIC polyurethane microspheres.

SUPER-PARAMAGNETIC IRON-OXIDE NANOPARTICLES (SPIONs) have been exploited from a very long time and are researched profoundly due to their unique properties. In this study, SPIONs were synthesized using envIRONmentally accepted green synthesis process where Azadirachta indica leaf extract was used as one of the reducing agents along with basic metal precursors used in chemical processes. The synthesized SPIONs were characterised using microscopic analysis (SEM, TEM, and AFM), spectroscopic analysis (FT-IR, UV– Vis, XRD, Raman, and zeta potential), and magnetometry (SQUID). The SPIONs were then tested for its application in the removal of heavy metals from tannery waste water and also X-ray imaging.